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Mexico

[[Teotihuacan Mexico, or ''Méjico'', pronunciation: ; Classical Nahuatl: ''Mēxihco''; }}; however, in Peninsular (European) Spanish, the variant is used alongside the usual version. According to the by the Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the version with J is also correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one used in Mexico.}} officially the United Mexican States, (); Classical Nahuatl: ''Mēxihcatl Tlacetilīlli Tlahtohcāyōtl''}} is a country in the southern portion of North America. Covering 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), it is the world's 13th largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th most populous country and has the most Spanish speakers in the world. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital and largest city, which is among the world's most populous metropolitan areas. The country shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BC, making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization. The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire, alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain centered in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). Over the next three centuries, Spain expanded its territorial control, enforced Christianity, and spread the Spanish language, with the colony's rich silver deposits fueling its empire. The colonial era ended in the early 19th century with the Mexican War of Independence.

Following independence, Mexico faced political and socioeconomic upheaval. The United States' invasion during the Mexican–American War resulted in significant territorial losses in 1848. Liberal reforms introduced in the Constitution of 1857 prompted domestic conflict, French intervention, and the establishment of an Empire, countered by the Republican resistance led by Benito Juárez. The late 19th century saw the rise of Porfirio Díaz's dictatorship, sparking the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which led to profound changes, including the 1917 Constitution. A succession of presidents, often former generals, persisted until the emergence of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1929. Over the next 70 years of PRI rule, Mexico experienced significant economic growth, but also faced issues of repression and electoral fraud. The late twentieth century saw a shift towards neoliberal policies, exemplified by the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, amidst social unrest and indigenous rebellion in Chiapas. In 2000, the PRI lost the presidency for the first time to the conservative National Action Party (PAN).

Mexico is a newly industrialized and developing country, with the world's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 12th-largest by PPP; the United States is its largest economic partner. Mexico ranks first in the Americas and seventh in the world by the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is also one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, ranking fifth in natural biodiversity. Mexico's rich cultural and biological heritage, as well as varied climate and geography, makes it a major tourist destination: as of 2022, it is the sixth most-visited country in the world, with 42.2 million international arrivals. Mexico's large economy and population, global cultural influence (particularly in cuisine, media, and art), and steady democratization make it a regional and middle power, and it is increasingly identified as an emerging power by several analysts.

Although Mexico has made significant political and socioeconomic gains in recent decades, ranking 77th in the Human Development Index, it continues to struggle with social inequality, poverty, systemic corruption, and extensive crime. Since 2006, an ongoing conflict between drug trafficking syndicates has led to over 120,000 deaths. Mexico is a member of United Nations, the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the Organization of American States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, and the Organization of Ibero-American States. Provided by Wikipedia
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    Cell mapping methods : algorithmic approaches and applications by Sun, Jian-Qiao, Xiong, Fu-Rui, Schütze, Oliver (Computer scientist), Hernández, Carlos (Computer Scientist in Mexico City)

    Published: Springer, 2019
    Description: 1 online resource (xv, 226 pages) : illustrations (some color)
    SpringerLink - Click here for access
    eBook
  8. 8

    Recovery plan for the Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) second revision

    Published: Region 2, Southwest Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2016
    Description: 1 online resource (xiv, 330 pages) : color illustrations, color maps.
    “…Mexico, Federal Government, SEMARNAT --…”
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    Government Document eBook
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    Frequent complaints having been made to me by the Mexican police guard of this city, of interference and ill treatment [!] on the part of our soldiers, I beg leave to call the atte... by Mexico City (Mexico). Military Governor, Mexico City (Mexico). Ayuntamiento

    Published: [publisher not identified], 1847
    Description: broadside ; 31 x 22 cm.
    “…Mexico City (Mexico). Military Governor…”
    Microfilm Book
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    The guide to Texas Observations, historical, geographical, topographical, statistical, descriptive and political : Local and commercial advantages of the country, containing ... th... by O'Neill, Neal John

    Published: [publisher not identified], 1834
    Description: xii, 176 pages : frontispiece (folded map) ; 24 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
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    Translation of the laws, orders and contracts, on colonization, from January, 1821, up to this time, in virtue of which Col. Stephen F. Austin, has introduced and settled foreign e... by Austin, Stephen F. (Stephen Fuller), 1793-1836

    Published: Printed by Godwin B. Cotten, 1829
    Description: 70 pages, 1 . ; 20 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
    Microfilm Book
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    Constitution of the United Mexican States the general colonization law, and the colonization law of the state of Coahuila and Texas by Mexico, Coahuila and Texas (Mexico)

    Published: Grissam, Moss, & Co., 1826
    Description: 51 pages ; 17 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
    Microfilm Book
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    An abstract of the constitutions, laws and other documents having reference to, and including the empresario grants and contracts made by the state of Coahuila and Texas to and wit... by Mexico

    Published: Narine & Co.'s Print, 1842
    Description: 2 pages ., 3 unnumbered pages-60 pages, 62 pages, 22 pages, 24 pages, 1 . : folded map. ; 23 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
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    The history of Texas; or, The emigrant's, farmer's, and politician's guide to the character, climate, soil and productions of that country geographically arranged from personal obs... by Edward, David B. (David Barnett), 1790-1870

    Published: J.A. James & Co., 1836
    Description: xii, 13-336 pages : frontispiece (folded color map) ; 19 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
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    Contestaciones habidas entre el supremo gobierno mexicano, el general en gefe del ejército americano, y el comisionado de los Estados-Unidos by Mexico

    Published: [Impr. de V.G. Torres], 1847
    Description: 215 unnumbered pages-247 pages ; 20 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
    Microfilm Book
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    Constitucion federal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos sancionada por el Congreso general constituyente el 4. de octubre de 1824 by Mexico

    Published: Impr. del supremo gobierno, 1824
    Description: 2 leaves, xviii, 62 pages, 3 unnumbered pages, iii : plate ; 13 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
    Microfilm Book
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    Laws and decrees of the Republic of Mexico in relation to colonization and grants of land, more particularly in New Mexico and California from 1823 to 1846 by Mexico

    Published: New York Printing Co., 1871
    Description: 44 pages ; 22 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
    Microfilm Book
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    Comunicaciones relativas a la agregación del Departmento de Tejas a los Estados-Unidos del norte, que ha pasado el Supremo Gobierno de la República a la Camara de Diputados e inici... by Mexico, La Union nacional, Mexico

    Published: [publisher not identified], 1845
    Description: 30 pages ; 22 cm.
    “…Mexico…”
    Microfilm Book
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    Constitution of the state of New Mexico by New Mexico. Constitutional Convention, New Mexico

    Published: [publisher not identified], 1850
    Description: 18 pages ; 21 cm.
    Microfilm Book
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